📘 English Grammar ✍️ Chapter-5
Active Voice • Passive Voice • Direct Speech • Indirect Speech
Complete Voice & Narration Notes
📚 Chapter Introduction
इस Chapter में English Grammar के दो महत्वपूर्ण topics— Voice और Narration को एक साथ समझाया गया है। इसमें Active Voice, Passive Voice, Direct Speech, Indirect Speech, Reporting Verb, Tense Changes, Pronoun Changes, Time/Place Words और Imperative, Interrogative तथा Exclamatory sentences के basic rules शामिल हैं।
इस Chapter में English Grammar के दो महत्वपूर्ण topics— Voice और Narration को एक साथ समझाया गया है। इसमें Active Voice, Passive Voice, Direct Speech, Indirect Speech, Reporting Verb, Tense Changes, Pronoun Changes, Time/Place Words और Imperative, Interrogative तथा Exclamatory sentences के basic rules शामिल हैं।
📑 Table of Contents
- Voice का परिचय
- Active Voice और Passive Voice
- Transitive और Intransitive Verbs
- Active से Passive बनाने की Basic Method
- Simple Present में Passive
- Simple Past और Simple Future में Passive
- Continuous Tenses में Passive
- Perfect Tenses में Passive
- Modal Verbs का Passive
- Imperative और Interrogative का Passive
- Passive Voice के Important Rules
- Narration का परिचय
- Direct और Indirect Speech
- Pronoun Change के Rules
- Tense Change के Rules
- Time और Place Words का Change
- Assertive, Interrogative और Imperative Narration
- Exclamatory Speech एवं Common Errors
- One Liner Quick Revision
- Exam Important Points & Checklist
1️⃣ Voice का परिचय
Voice यह बताता है कि sentence में action करने वाला कौन है और action का प्रभाव किस पर पड़ रहा है।
Active Voice
Subject स्वयं action करता है।
Subject स्वयं action करता है।
Passive Voice
Action या उसके receiver पर अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है।
Action या उसके receiver पर अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है।
Active: Ram writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by Ram.
Passive: A letter is written by Ram.
2️⃣ Active Voice और Passive Voice
| Point | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Focus | Doer/Subject | Receiver/Object |
| Basic Pattern | Subject + Verb + Object | Object + be + V3 + by + Subject |
| Example | Ravi opens the door. | The door is opened by Ravi. |
Passive Voice बनाते समय main verb सामान्यतः past participle (V3)
form में आती है।
3️⃣ Transitive और Intransitive Verbs
Passive Voice बनाने से पहले यह देखना जरूरी है कि verb transitive है या नहीं।
| Verb Type | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Transitive Verb | जिसका object होता है | She writes a letter. |
| Intransitive Verb | जिसे direct object की आवश्यकता नहीं होती | He sleeps. |
सामान्यतः direct object वाले transitive verb से Passive Voice बनाया जा सकता है।
Intransitive verbs के साथ सामान्य passive construction नहीं बनता।
4️⃣ Active से Passive बनाने की Basic Method
Active sentence को Passive में बदलते समय सामान्यतः ये steps उपयोगी होते हैं:
Step 1: Active sentence का Object पहचानें।
Step 2: Object को Passive sentence का Subject बनाएँ।
Step 3: Tense के अनुसार उचित form of “be” लगाएँ।
Step 4: Main verb को V3 में बदलें।
Step 5: आवश्यक होने पर original subject को “by” के बाद रखें।
Active: Ram writes a letter.
Object = a letter
Passive: A letter is written by Ram.
Object = a letter
Passive: A letter is written by Ram.
Passive sentence में “by + doer” हमेशा आवश्यक नहीं होता। यदि doer अज्ञात,
स्पष्ट या महत्वपूर्ण न हो तो उसे हटाया जा सकता है।
5️⃣ Simple Present में Passive
Active: Subject + V1/V1+s/es + Object
Passive: Object + am/is/are + V3 + by + Subject
Passive: Object + am/is/are + V3 + by + Subject
Active: She writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by her.
Active: They clean the room.
Passive: The room is cleaned by them.
Passive: A letter is written by her.
Active: They clean the room.
Passive: The room is cleaned by them.
| Subject | Passive Be Form |
|---|---|
| I | am |
| He/She/It/Singular | is |
| We/You/They/Plural | are |
6️⃣ Simple Past और Simple Future में Passive
Simple Past
Passive: Object + was/were + V3
Active: Ravi opened the door.
Passive: The door was opened by Ravi.
Active: They built a bridge.
Passive: A bridge was built by them.
Passive: The door was opened by Ravi.
Active: They built a bridge.
Passive: A bridge was built by them.
Simple Future
Passive: Object + will be + V3
Active: She will complete the work.
Passive: The work will be completed by her.
Passive: The work will be completed by her.
7️⃣ Continuous Tenses में Passive
Continuous Tenses में passive बनाते समय “being” का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Present Continuous
Object + am/is/are + being + V3
Active: They are cleaning the room.
Passive: The room is being cleaned by them.
Passive: The room is being cleaned by them.
Past Continuous
Object + was/were + being + V3
Active: They were repairing the road.
Passive: The road was being repaired by them.
Passive: The road was being repaired by them.
Continuous Passive का मुख्य संकेत being + V3 है।
8️⃣ Perfect Tenses में Passive
Perfect Tenses में Passive Voice बनाते समय सामान्यतः been + V3 structure दिखाई देता है।
Present Perfect
Object + has/have + been + V3
Active: She has completed the work.
Passive: The work has been completed by her.
Passive: The work has been completed by her.
Past Perfect
Object + had + been + V3
Active: They had finished the work.
Passive: The work had been finished by them.
Passive: The work had been finished by them.
Future Perfect
Object + will have been + V3
Active: She will have completed the task.
Passive: The task will have been completed by her.
Passive: The task will have been completed by her.
9️⃣ Modal Verbs का Passive
Can, could, may, might, should, must, will आदि modal constructions में passive बनाने के लिए सामान्यतः modal + be + V3 structure आता है।
Structure:
Subject + Modal + be + V3
Subject + Modal + be + V3
Active: You can solve the problem.
Passive: The problem can be solved by you.
Active: We must obey the rules.
Passive: The rules must be obeyed by us.
Active: She should complete the work.
Passive: The work should be completed by her.
Passive: The problem can be solved by you.
Active: We must obey the rules.
Passive: The rules must be obeyed by us.
Active: She should complete the work.
Passive: The work should be completed by her.
Modal के बाद passive में main verb की V3 form आती है।
🔟 Imperative और Interrogative का Passive
Imperative Sentence
आदेश, request या instruction वाले sentences का passive context के अनुसार “Let + object + be + V3” से बनाया जा सकता है।
Active: Open the door.
Passive: Let the door be opened.
Active: Clean the room.
Passive: Let the room be cleaned.
Passive: Let the door be opened.
Active: Clean the room.
Passive: Let the room be cleaned.
Interrogative Sentence
Active: Did he write a letter?
Passive: Was a letter written by him?
Active: Are they cleaning the room?
Passive: Is the room being cleaned by them?
Passive: Was a letter written by him?
Active: Are they cleaning the room?
Passive: Is the room being cleaned by them?
Question का interrogative nature बनाए रखते हुए auxiliary की position सही रखना आवश्यक है।
1️⃣1️⃣ Passive Voice के Important Rules
Rule 1: Active sentence का object Passive में subject बन सकता है।
Rule 2: Passive में main verb सामान्यतः V3 form में होती है।
Rule 3: Tense के अनुसार be form बदलती है।
Rule 4: Continuous Passive में “being” का प्रयोग होता है।
Rule 5: Perfect Passive में “been” का प्रयोग होता है।
Rule 6: Modal Passive में modal + be + V3 structure होता है।
Rule 7: “by + doer” context के अनुसार छोड़ा जा सकता है।
Rule 8: Intransitive verbs से सामान्य direct passive नहीं बनाया जाता।
1️⃣2️⃣ Narration का परिचय
Narration या Speech का संबंध किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा कही गई बात को प्रस्तुत करने से है।
Direct Speech
Speaker के exact words को quotation marks में दिखाया जाता है।
Speaker के exact words को quotation marks में दिखाया जाता है।
Indirect Speech
Speaker की बात को report किया जाता है।
Speaker की बात को report किया जाता है।
Direct: Ram said, “I am busy.”
Indirect: Ram said that he was busy.
Indirect: Ram said that he was busy.
1️⃣3️⃣ Direct और Indirect Speech
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Exact words | Reported meaning |
| Quotation marks | Quotation marks सामान्यतः हट जाते हैं |
| Original pronouns | Context के अनुसार pronouns बदल सकते हैं |
| Original tense | Reporting verb past होने पर tense backshift हो सकता है |
Direct: He said, “I am happy.”
Indirect: He said that he was happy.
Indirect: He said that he was happy.
1️⃣4️⃣ Pronoun Change के Rules
Direct से Indirect Speech में pronoun का परिवर्तन reporting context और speaker/listener के संबंध के अनुसार किया जाता है।
| Pronoun | General Principle |
|---|---|
| First Person | आमतौर पर reporting subject के अनुसार बदलता है। |
| Second Person | आमतौर पर reporting object/listener के अनुसार बदलता है। |
| Third Person | अक्सर वही रहता है, यदि context में बदलाव आवश्यक न हो। |
Direct: Ravi said, “I am tired.”
Indirect: Ravi said that he was tired.
Indirect: Ravi said that he was tired.
Pronoun को केवल mechanical rule से नहीं बदलना चाहिए। Speaker और listener
का वास्तविक संदर्भ भी देखना आवश्यक है।
1️⃣5️⃣ Tense Change के Rules
यदि reporting verb past tense में है, तो traditional exam grammar में reported speech के tense में सामान्यतः backshift किया जाता है।
| Direct Speech | Common Indirect Form |
|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Perfect | Generally unchanged |
Direct: He said, “I play cricket.”
Indirect: He said that he played cricket.
Direct: She said, “I have finished the work.”
Indirect: She said that she had finished the work.
Indirect: He said that he played cricket.
Direct: She said, “I have finished the work.”
Indirect: She said that she had finished the work.
Important: Universal truths और कुछ facts के मामले में tense change
context के अनुसार आवश्यक नहीं होता।
The teacher said, “The earth is round.”
The teacher said that the earth is round.
The teacher said that the earth is round.
1️⃣6️⃣ Time और Place Words का Change
Direct से Indirect Speech में time और place expressions context के अनुसार बदल सकते हैं।
| Direct | Common Indirect Form |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
ये changes context पर निर्भर कर सकते हैं। यदि reporting location या time
context में वास्तव में वही हो, तो mechanical replacement हमेशा आवश्यक नहीं है।
1️⃣7️⃣ Assertive, Interrogative और Imperative Narration
Assertive Sentence
Direct: He said, “I am busy.”
Indirect: He said that he was busy.
Indirect: He said that he was busy.
Yes/No Interrogative
Direct: He said to me, “Are you ready?”
Indirect: He asked me if I was ready.
Indirect: He asked me if I was ready.
Wh-Interrogative
Direct: He said to me, “Where do you live?”
Indirect: He asked me where I lived.
Indirect: He asked me where I lived.
Imperative
Direct: The teacher said to the students, “Work hard.”
Indirect: The teacher advised the students to work hard.
Indirect: The teacher advised the students to work hard.
Reported question में सामान्य statement word order आता है:
auxiliary + subject वाली direct question structure को indirect में
सामान्यतः subject + verb order में बदला जाता है।
1️⃣8️⃣ Exclamatory Speech एवं Common Errors
Exclamatory Speech
Strong emotion वाले sentences में reporting verb context के अनुसार exclaimed, exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, आदि हो सकता है।
Direct: He said, “What a beautiful scene!”
Indirect: He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful scene.
Indirect: He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful scene.
Common Errors
❌ Wrong: He said that “he was tired.”
✅ Correct: He said that he was tired.
✅ Correct: He said that he was tired.
❌ Wrong: He asked me that where I lived.
✅ Correct: He asked me where I lived.
✅ Correct: He asked me where I lived.
❌ Wrong: He asked me did I know him.
✅ Correct: He asked me if I knew him.
✅ Correct: He asked me if I knew him.
❌ Wrong: He told that he was busy.
✅ Correct: He told me that he was busy.
✅ Correct: He told me that he was busy.
Exam Focus: Narration questions में Reporting Verb, Pronoun,
Tense, Connector और Word Order पाँचों को ध्यान से जाँचें।
1️⃣9️⃣ One Liner Quick Revision
1. Active Voice में subject action करता है।
2. Passive Voice में action के receiver पर focus किया जाता है।
3. Passive Voice में main verb सामान्यतः V3 में होती है।
4. Continuous Passive में being + V3 आता है।
5. Perfect Passive में been + V3 आता है।
6. Modal Passive का basic pattern modal + be + V3 है।
7. Direct Speech में speaker के exact words दिखाए जाते हैं।
8. Indirect Speech में reported meaning प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
9. Reporting verb past होने पर traditional grammar में tense backshift हो सकता है।
10. Universal truth में tense change context के अनुसार आवश्यक नहीं होता।
11. Pronoun change speaker और listener के संबंध पर निर्भर करता है।
12. Yes/No question को indirect speech में सामान्यतः if/whether से जोड़ा जा सकता है।
13. Indirect question में सामान्यतः statement word order आता है।
14. Imperative speech में advised, ordered, requested जैसे reporting verbs context के अनुसार प्रयोग हो सकते हैं।
15. Voice और Narration दोनों में sentence structure पर विशेष ध्यान देना चाहिए।
2️⃣0️⃣ Exam Important Points & Checklist
📌 Voice
Active और Passive का difference तथा conversion।
Active और Passive का difference तथा conversion।
📌 Tense
अलग-अलग tense में Passive structure।
अलग-अलग tense में Passive structure।
📌 Narration
Direct और Indirect Speech के basic rules।
Direct और Indirect Speech के basic rules।
📌 Changes
Pronoun, Tense, Time, Place और Question structure।
Pronoun, Tense, Time, Place और Question structure।
🎯 Final Exam Strategy:
Voice में पहले Object और Tense पहचानें। Narration में पहले Reporting Verb, Speech Type और Speaker-Listener relationship पहचानें। इसके बाद ही sentence convert करें।
Voice में पहले Object और Tense पहचानें। Narration में पहले Reporting Verb, Speech Type और Speaker-Listener relationship पहचानें। इसके बाद ही sentence convert करें।
✅ Final Checklist
- ☑ Active Voice
- ☑ Passive Voice
- ☑ Transitive और Intransitive Verbs
- ☑ Simple Tense Passive
- ☑ Continuous Tense Passive
- ☑ Perfect Tense Passive
- ☑ Modal Passive
- ☑ Imperative Passive
- ☑ Interrogative Passive
- ☑ Direct Speech
- ☑ Indirect Speech
- ☑ Pronoun Change
- ☑ Tense Change
- ☑ Time और Place Word Changes
- ☑ Assertive Narration
- ☑ Interrogative Narration
- ☑ Imperative Narration
- ☑ Exclamatory Narration
- ☑ Common Errors
📚 Chapter Summary
Voice में sentence के action और उसके receiver/doer के संबंध को समझा जाता है, जबकि Narration में किसी व्यक्ति द्वारा कही गई बात को Direct या Indirect form में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। Competitive exams के लिए Voice में V3, be forms, being, been और modal structures तथा Narration में pronoun, tense, connector, reporting verb और word order विशेष रूप से महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
Quick Formula:
Passive → Object + Be + V3
Continuous Passive → Be + Being + V3
Perfect Passive → Have/Has/Had + Been + V3
Modal Passive → Modal + Be + V3
Indirect Speech → Meaning + Context + Correct Changes
Passive → Object + Be + V3
Continuous Passive → Be + Being + V3
Perfect Passive → Have/Has/Had + Been + V3
Modal Passive → Modal + Be + V3
Indirect Speech → Meaning + Context + Correct Changes
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